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<title>Caatinga</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caatinga</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the white sand ecosystems of the Amazon region, see <a href="Amazon_caatinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon caatinga">Amazon caatinga</a>.</div>

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:-6,-40"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°00′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">40°00′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.0000°S 40.0000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.0000; -40.0000</span></span></span></a></span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Caatinga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Landscape</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Caatinga ecoregion.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">deserts and xeric shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Atlantic_Coast_restingas" title="Atlantic Coast restingas">Atlantic Coast restingas</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Atlantic_dry_forests" title="Atlantic dry forests">Atlantic dry forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Bahia_interior_forests" title="Bahia interior forests">Bahia interior forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Caatinga_moist-forest_enclaves" title="Caatinga moist-forest enclaves">Caatinga moist-forest enclaves</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Campos_rupestres" title="Campos rupestres">Campos rupestres</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Maranh%C3%A3o_Baba%C3%A7u_forests" title="Maranhão Babaçu forests">Maranhão Babaçu forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Northeastern_Brazil_restingas" title="Northeastern Brazil restingas">Northeastern Brazil restingas</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Pernambuco_coastal_forests" title="Pernambuco coastal forests">Pernambuco coastal forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Pernambuco_interior_forests" title="Pernambuco interior forests">Pernambuco interior forests</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">730,850 km<sup>2</sup> (282,180 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li><li><a href="Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></li><li><a href="Ceara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceara">Ceara</a></li><li><a href="Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li><li><a href="Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li><li><a href="Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></li><li><a href="Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>,</li><li><a href="Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:-7.612796,-39.433699"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°36′46″S</span> <span class="longitude">39°26′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.612796°S 39.433699°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.612796; -39.433699</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Conservation status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vulnerable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">44,133 km² (6%)<sup id="cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinerstein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Caatinga</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa">[kaaˈtʃĩɡɐ]</span>) is a type of <a href="Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> <a href="Tropical_vegetation" title="Tropical vegetation">tropical vegetation</a>, and an <a href="Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> characterized by this vegetation in <a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">interior</a> <a href="Northeastern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>. The name "Caatinga" comes from the <a href="Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupi</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka%27atinga#Old_Tupi" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ka'atinga">ka'atinga</a></i>, meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka%27a#Old_Tupi" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ka'a">ka'a</a></i> = forest, vegetation, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tinga#Old_Tupi" class="extiw external" title="wikt:tinga">tinga</a></i> = white).

The Caatinga is a <a href="Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">xeric shrubland</a> and <a href="Thorn_forest" title="Thorn forest">thorn forest</a>, which consists primarily of small, thorny trees that shed their leaves seasonally. <a href="Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">Cacti</a>, thick-stemmed plants, thorny brush, and arid-adapted grasses make up the ground layer. Most vegetation experiences a brief burst of activity during the three-month-long <a href="Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>.

</p><p>Caatinga falls entirely within earth's <a href="Tropical_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical zone">tropical zone</a> and is one of six major <a href="Biomes_in_Brazil" title="Biomes in Brazil">biomes of Brazil</a>. It covers 912,529 km²,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly 10% of Brazil's territory. It is home to 26 million people<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 2000 species of plants, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.

</p><p>The Caatinga is the only exclusively Brazilian <a href="Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, which means that a large part of its biological heritage cannot be found anywhere else on the planet.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>The Caatinga covers the interior portion of northeastern Brazil bordering the Atlantic seaboard (save for a fringe of <a href="Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a>), extending across nine states: <a href="Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, <a href="Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, <a href="Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a>, <a href="Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, <a href="Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>, <a href="Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, <a href="Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, and parts of <a href="Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. Altogether, the Caatinga comprises 850,000 km², about 10% of the surface area of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, it is over nine times the surface area of <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, whence came Brazil's early European settlers.

</p>

<p>Located between 3°S 45°W and 17°S 35°W, the Caatinga experiences irregular winds from all directions. Rainfall is thus intermittent but intense, totalling 20–80 cm (7.9–31.5 in) on average.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the climate is typically hot and semi-arid, the Caatinga includes <a href="Caatinga_moist-forest_enclaves" title="Caatinga moist-forest enclaves">several enclaves of humid tropical forest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with trees 30–35 m (98–115 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>To the northwest, the Caatinga is bounded by the <a href="Maranh%C3%A3o_Baba%C3%A7u_forests" title="Maranhão Babaçu forests">Maranhão Babaçu forests</a>; to the west and southwest, the <a href="Atlantic_dry_forests" title="Atlantic dry forests">Atlantic dry forests</a> and <a href="Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> savannas; to the east, the humid <a href="Atlantic_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic forests">Atlantic coastal forests</a>; and to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div><p>

During the dry winter periods there is no <a href="Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> or undergrowth, as plants try to conserve water. Roots protrude through the surface of the stony soil, to absorb water before it is evaporated. Leaves fall off the trees to reduce <a href="Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With all the foliage and undergrowth dead during the drought periods and all the trees having no leaves the Caatinga has a yellow-grey, <a href="Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>-like look. During the peak periods of drought the Caatinga's soil can reach temperatures of up to 60 °C. </p>

<p>The drought usually ends in December or January, when the rainy season starts. Immediately after the first rains, the grey, desert-like landscape starts to transform and becomes completely green within a few days. Small plants start growing in the now moist soil and trees grow back their leaves. Rivers that are mostly dry during the past six or seven months start to fill up and streams begin to flow again.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div>

<p>Caatinga harbors a unique biota, with thousands of endemic species. Caatinga contains over 1,000 vascular plant species in addition to 187 bees, 240 fish species, 167 reptiles and amphibians, 516 birds, and 148 mammal species, with endemism levels varying from 9 percent in birds to 57 percent in fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Advert_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3></div>

<p>The Caatinga does not correspond to a single type of vegetation, but rather a broad mosaic. Nonetheless, all vegetative structure is adapted to the xeric climate. <a href="Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent</a> and <a href="Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">crassulaceous</a> species dominate; non-succulents exhibit small, firm leaves and intense branching at the base, akin to shrubs. Palm stands usually contain <a href="Carnauba_Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnauba Palm">carnaúba</a> or <a href="Baba%C3%A7u" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaçu">babaçu</a> palms, but occasionally <a href="Tucum%C3%A3_(Palm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucumã (Palm)">tucumã</a> and <a href="Acrocomia_aculeata" title="Acrocomia aculeata">macaúba</a>.

</p><p>The Caatinga has enough endemic species to constitute a floristic province.

</p>

<p>

Most authors divide the Caatinga into two different subtypes: dry ("sertão") and humid ("agreste"), but categorizations vary to as many as eight different vegetative regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div>

<p>The Caatinga is home to nearly 50 <a href="Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species of birds, including <a href="Lear's_macaw" title="Lear's macaw">Lear's macaw</a> <i>(Anodorhynchus leari)</i>, <a href="Spix's_macaw" title="Spix's macaw">Spix's macaw</a> <i>(Cyanopsitta spixii)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Moustached_woodcreeper" title="Moustached woodcreeper">moustached woodcreeper</a> <i>(Xiphocolaptes falcirostris)</i>, <a href="Caatinga_parakeet" title="Caatinga parakeet">Caatinga parakeet</a>, <a href="Caatinga_antwren" title="Caatinga antwren">Caatinga antwren</a>, <a href="Sao_Francisco_black_tyrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Francisco black tyrant">Sao Francisco black tyrant</a> and <a href="Caatinga_cacholote" title="Caatinga cacholote">Caatinga cacholote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Endemic mammal species include:

</p>

<ul><li>eleven rodents - <a href="Caatinga_vesper_mouse" title="Caatinga vesper mouse">Caatinga vesper mouse</a>, <i><a href="Wiedomys_pyrrhorhinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos">Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos</a></i>, <i><a href="Trinomys_yonenagae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomys yonenagae">Trinomys yonenagae</a></i>, <i><a href="Trinomys_albispinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomys albispinus">Trinomys albispinus</a></i> minor, <i>Trinomys albispinus sertonius</i>, <i><a href="Thylamys_karimii" class="mw-redirect" title="Thylamys karimii">Thylamys karimii</a></i>, <i><a href="Dasyprocta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyprocta">Dasyprocta sp. n.</a></i>, <i><a href="Oryzomys" title="Oryzomys">Oryzomys sp. n.</a></i>, <i><a href="Oxymycterus" title="Oxymycterus">Oxymycterus sp. n.</a></i>, <i><a href="Rhipidomys" title="Rhipidomys">Rhipidomys sp. n. ssp. 1</a></i>, and <i><a href="Rhipidomys" title="Rhipidomys">Rhipidomys sp. n. ssp. 2</a></i></li>

<li>one primate - <i><a href="Callicebus_barbarabrownae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callicebus barbarabrownae">Callicebus barbarabrownae</a></i></li>

<li>two bats - <i><a href="Xeronycteris_vieirai" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronycteris vieirai">Xeronycteris vieirai</a></i> and <i><a href="Chiroderma" title="Chiroderma">Chiroderma sp. n</a></i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3></div>

<p>The oldest human remains in the Caatinga are found in the Serra da Capivara National Park, in Piauí, where artifacts, rock paintings, and a skull named "Zuzu" were discovered, dating back approximately 8,000 years. This fossil, under study, may be even older than the Luzia fossil, which is currently the oldest in the South American continent.

</p><p>The caatinga was inhabited by two major indigenous groups, the Macro-Jê and the Kariris, who have been in the Caatinga for at least two thousand years. After the 11th century, the Tupis arrived in the region, coming from the southeast and through the Atlantic coast. Contact with colonizers starting in the 16th century decimated numerous indigenous nations and tribes through diseases, enslavement, and invasion of territories for cattle ranching, sugar mills, and new settlements. Many of the Northeastern indigenous peoples chose assimilation, abandoning their customs, language, and religion to survive European advances, so many Northeasterners are mixed descendants of indigenous peoples and Europeans.

</p><p>Currently, the Caatinga still has indigenous peoples, the largest of which are the Potyguaras, of Tupi origin and also native to the Atlantic Forest, totaling more than 20,000 indigenous peoples. In the interior, the largest groups are the Xukurus and Pankarus, from the Pernambuco Caatinga, totaling 12,000 and 7,000 indigenous peoples, possibly of Macro-Jê origin. The Fulni-Ô people are known for being the only indigenous ethnic group in the Northeast to have kept their ancestral language alive, as well as having saved unique cultural elements such as the Ouricuri Ritual; they are one of the least acculturated Northeastern peoples by European invaders. Other notable Caatinga peoples are the Kambiwás, Tremembés, Pitaguarys, Kariris, Kiriris, and Tabajaras.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_anthropogenic_origins">Possible anthropogenic origins</h3></div>

<p>Based on <a href="Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of <a href="Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">potsherds</a>, proponents of <a href="Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">historical ecology</a> such as <a href="William_Denevan" title="William Denevan">William Denevan</a> and <a href="William_Bal%C3%A9e" title="William Balée">William Balee</a> have suggested that large sections of the Caatinga region may be of <a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> origin. Over 1000 years ago, native peoples may have unintentionally created the environment of the modern-day Caatinga through constant <a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn agriculture</a>, thereby stymying <a href="Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">plant succession</a> and preventing major rainforests from growing within the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Conversely, fossil evidence suggests that the Caatinga may historically have been part of a much larger dry belt.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div>

<p>The Caatinga is poorly represented in the Brazilian Conservation Area network, with only 1% in Integral Protection Conservation Areas and 6% in Sustainable Use Conservation Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Advert_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protected areas include <a href="Chapada_Diamantina_National_Park" title="Chapada Diamantina National Park">Chapada Diamantina National Park</a>, <a href="Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>, and <a href="Serra_das_Confus%C3%B5es_National_Park" title="Serra das Confusões National Park">Serra das Confusões National Park</a>.

</p><p>Economic developed has fragmented the native biome. Estimates on the amount of Caatinga transformed affected by economic development range 25-50%, making Caatinga the most degraded ecosystem in Brazil, following the Atlantic Forest, which has lost over 80% of its original cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_exploitation">Economic exploitation</h2></div>

<p>The local population lives in extreme poverty, and many rely on extraction of natural resources for a livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are few drinkable water sources, and harvesting is difficult because of the irregular rainfall.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div>

<p>Native plants are used in local agriculture, much of it <a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Pilocarpus_jaborandi" title="Pilocarpus jaborandi">Pilocarpus jaborandi</a></i> appears to exhibit medicinal properties. The fruits of <a href="Umb%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbú">umbú</a> and <a href="Mangaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaba">mangabá</a> are used as food directly, and other species are used for forage. Local palms produce commercial-grade <a href="Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric</a> and <a href="Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic</a> oils, which undergirds much of the economy of northeast Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Meliponiculture" title="Meliponiculture">Meliponiculture</a> is also a well-developed and traditional activity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most productive species, <i><a href="Melipona_subnitida" title="Melipona subnitida">Melipona subnitida</a></i>, known locally as jandaíra, produces up to 6 liters of honey a year, resulting in economic profit for the population.<sup id="cite_ref-springer2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Irrigation along the <a href="S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco River</a> promises to turn the region into a breadbasket. The soil is very fertile, and existing irrigation infrastructure already supports the export of <a href="Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="Papaya" title="Papaya">papayas</a> and <a href="Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>. At the same time, irrigation threatens to salinize the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grazing">Grazing</h3></div>

<p><a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> (<a href="Guzer%C3%A1" title="Guzerá">Guzerá</a> and <a href="Red_Sindhi" title="Red Sindhi">Red Sindhi</a> cattle) and <a href="Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> farming are popular and very productive in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a> and timbering for fuelwood have decimated local vegetative populations; outside irrigated regions, the area has begun to <a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">desertify</a> <a href="Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">à la Sahara and Sahel</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Caatinga">On Caatinga</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Caatinga_enclaves_moist_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caatinga enclaves moist forests">Caatinga moist-forest enclaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Brazil">Northeastern Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_plants_of_Caatinga_vegetation_of_Brazil" title="List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil">List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_five_other_major_ecoregions_of_Brazil">The five other major ecoregions of Brazil</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no evidence, however, that the bird formerly known as <a href="Caatinga_woodpecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Caatinga woodpecker">Caatinga woodpecker</a> occurs in Caatinga.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-Dinerstein-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014">[1]</a></span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva.BarbosaLealTabarelli2017" class="citation book cs1">da Silva., J. M. C.; Barbosa, L. C. F.; Leal, I. R.; Tabarelli, M. (2017). <i>Caatinga</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>19.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salcedo, I.H., Menezes, R.S.C. (2009): Agroecosystem functioning and management in semi-arid Northeastern Brazil, in: Tiessen, H., Stewart, J.W.B. (eds.): Applying Ecological Knowledge to Landuse Decisions. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research - IICA-IAI-Scope, Paris, pp. 73–81.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202708/https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/21052004biomashtml.shtm">"Mapa de Biomas e de Vegetação"</a> [Biome and Vegetation Map]. <i>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/21052004biomashtml.shtm">the original</a> on 2019-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Encyc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLleras" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lleras, Eduardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172623/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm">"Caatinga of North-Eastern Brazil"</a>. <i>Centres of Plant Diversity</i>. Vol. 3: The Americas. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Conservation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservation_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLealSilvaTabarelliLacher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leal, Inara R.; Silva, José Maria Cardoso Da; Tabarelli, Marcelo; Lacher, Thomas E. (2005). "Changing the Course of Biodiversity Conservation in the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil". <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">701–</span>706. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00703.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00703.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1523-1739">1523-1739</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Advert-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Advert_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advert_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSantosLeal,_I.R.Almeida-Cortez,_J.S.Fernandes,_G.W.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, J.C.; Leal, I.R.; Almeida-Cortez, J.S.; Fernandes, G.W.; Tabarelli, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291100400306">"Caatinga: the scientific negligence experienced by a dry tropical forest"</a>. <i>Tropical Conservation Science</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>286. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291100400306">10.1177/194008291100400306</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalée2013" class="citation book cs1">Balée, William (2013-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofKbPTg2r0wC"><i>Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 43. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780817317867</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUntied2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Untied, B. (2005). <i>Bewässerungslandwirtschaft als Strategie zur kleinbäuerlichen Existenzsicherung in Nordost-Brasilien? - Handlunsspielräume von Kleinbauern am Mittellauf des São Francisco</i> [<i>Can Irrigation be a Strategy for Small Farmers' Economic Security in Northeast Brazil?: Economic milieu of small farmers in the central São Francisco valley</i>] (in German). Marburg: Philipps-Universität Marburg.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCortopassi-LaurinoImperatriz-FonsecaRoubikDollin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cortopassi-Laurino, Marilda; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera Lucia; Roubik, David Ward; Dollin, Anne; Heard, Tim; Aguilar, Ingrid; Venturieri, Giorgio C.; Eardley, Connal; Nogueira-Neto, Paulo (22 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00892208/document">"Global meliponiculture: challenges and opportunities"</a>. <i>Apidologie</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>292. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A2006027">10.1051/apido:2006027</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-springer2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer2014_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBonnattiLuz_Paulino_SimõesFrancoTiago2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnatti, Vanessa; Luz Paulino Simões, Zilá; Franco, Fernando Faria; Tiago, Mauricio (3 January 2014). "Evidence of at least two evolutionary lineages in Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) suggested by mtDNA variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>101</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>24. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NW....101...17B">2014NW....101...17B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-013-1123-5">10.1007/s00114-013-1123-5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24384774">24384774</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18986069">18986069</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milkpoint.com.br/noticias-e-mercado/giro-noticias/embrapa-guzera-e-sindi-sao-alternativas-para-produzir-leite-no-nordeste-63966n.aspx">"Embrapa: Guzerá e sindi são alternativas para produzir leite no nordeste [do Brasil]"</a>. <i>Milk Point</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nordesterural.com.br/a-importancia-da-criacao-de-caprinos-e-ovinos-no-nordeste/">"A importância da criação de caprinos e ovinos no nordeste [do Brasil]"</a>. <i>Nordeste Rural</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Vargas Llosa, Mario <i><a href="The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a></i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_biogeographic_surveys">Historical biogeographic surveys</h3></div>

<ul><li>Marcgrav (1638)</li>

<li>Spix & Martius (1817-1820)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt1304">"Caatinga"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116235245/http://www.ibama.gov.br/ecossistemas/caatinga.htm">IBAMA</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202152517/http://www.brazilnature.com/caatinga.html">Brazil Nature</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agronline.com.br/artigos/artigo.php?id=81">Caatinga: Brazilian national heritage threatened</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101025215757/http://www.agronline.com.br/artigos/artigo.php?id=81">Archived</a> 2010-10-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li>Associação Mãe-da-lua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mae-da-lua.org">The Avifauna of northeastern Brazil</a></li></ul>

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